Fresnel zones

An important consideration for propagation models are the existence of objects within what is called the first Fresnel zone. Fresnel zones, referenced in Figure 1 are ellipsoids with the foci at the transmitter and the receiver, where the path length between the direct path and the alternative paths are multiples of half-wavelength (). Rays emanating … Read more

Modeling diffraction loss : Single knife-edge diffraction model

Modeling diffraction loss Propagation environments may have obstacles that hinder the radio transmission path between the transmitter and the receiver. Idealized models for estimating the signal loss associated with diffraction by such obstacles are available. The shape of the obstacles considered in these model are too idealized for real-life applications, nevertheless, these models can serve … Read more

Two ray ground reflection model

Friis propagation model considers the line-of-sight (LOS) path between the transmitter and the receiver. The expression for the received power becomes complicated if the effect of reflections from the earth surface has to be incorporated in the modeling. In addition to the line-of-sight path, a single reflected path is added in the two ray ground … Read more

Hata Okumura model for outdoor propagation

Outdoor propagation models involve estimation of propagation loss over irregular terrains such as mountainous regions, simple curved earth profile, etc., with obstacles like trees and buildings. All such models predict the received signal strength at a particular distance or on a small sector. These models vary in approach, accuracy and complexity. Hata Okumura model is … Read more

Large scale propagation models – an introduction

Radio propagation models play an important role in designing a communication system for real world applications. Propagation models are instrumental in predicting the behavior of a communication system over different environments. This chapter is aimed at providing the ideas behind the simulation of some of the subtopics in large scale propagation models, such as, free … Read more

Precoding for partial response signaling schemes

Introduction to precoding Intersymbol interference (ISI) is a common problem in telecommunication systems, such as terrestrial television broadcasting, digital data communication systems, and cellular mobile communication systems. Dispersive effects in high-speed data transmission and multipath fading are the main reasons for ISI. To maximize the capacity, the transmission bandwidth must be extended to the entire … Read more

Partial response schemes: impulse & frequency response

Impulse response and frequency response of PR signaling schemes Consider a minimum bandwidth system in which the filter is represented as a cascaded combination of a partial response filter and a minimum bandwidth filter . Since is a brick-wall filter, the frequency response of the whole system is equivalent to frequency response of the FIR … Read more

Partial response (PR) signaling Model

Consider the generic baseband communication system model and its equivalent representation, shown in Figure 1, where the various blocks in the system are represented as filters. To have no ISI at the symbol sampling instants, the equivalent filter should satisfy Nyquist’s first criterion. If the system is ideal and noiseless, it can be characterized by … Read more

Model a Frequency Selective Multipath Fading channel

A brief intro to modeling a frequency selective fading channel using tapped delay line (TDL) filters. Rayleigh & Rician frequency-selective fading channel models explained. Tapped delay line filters Tapped-delay line filters (FIR filters) are best to simulate multiple echoes originating from same source. Hence they can be used to model multipath scenarios. Tapped-Delay-Line (TDL) filters with … Read more

Plot histogram and estimated PDF in Matlab

Key focus: With examples, let’s estimate and plot the probability density function of a random variable using Matlab histogram function. Generation of random variables with required probability distribution characteristic is of paramount importance in simulating a communication system. Let’s see how we can generate a simple random variable, estimate and plot the probability density function … Read more