Signal power vs energy — formulas and Matlab/Python examples
Power vs energy of a signal: finite-energy vs finite-power classification, discrete formulas, and Matlab/Python checks before BER or PSD normalization.
Tips & Tricks
White noise in Matlab — generate AWGN, plot PSD, check variance
Simulate white / Gaussian noise in Matlab: generate with randn, verify variance and flat PSD, then reuse the noise model in BER simulations.
Theoretical BER using Matlab – BERTOOL
When simulating digital modulations in Matlab, it is useful to verify the simulated BER performance curves against theoretical BER curves.Matlab has an inbuilt visualization tool, ‘BERTOOL’, for this purpose. Matlab’s BERTOOL supports 6 types of digital modulations over 3 types of channel for plotting theoretical BER. The six supported modulations are PSK,DPSK,OQPSK,PAM,QAM,FSK and the three … Read more
Tips & Tricks : Indexing in Matlab
Let’s review indexing techniques in Matlab: Indexing one dimensional array, two dimensional array, logical indexing, reversiong a vector – are covered. Consider a sample vector in Matlab. Index with single value Index with range of values Select a range of elements using ‘:’ operator. Example: Select elements with index ranging from 1 to 5. Making … Read more
FFT spectral leakage — causes, scalloping, and how windows help
Why FFT bins leak when tones miss bin centers, what scalloping loss is, and how windowing + ENBW trade leakage against noise bandwidth.