Power and energy of a signal — formulas, classification, and examples
Energy Ex = Σ|x|² vs power Px as a long-window average of |x|²; energy signals vs power signals; physical scaling by load Z; Python examples and links to Matlab verification.
Tips & Tricks
White noise in Matlab — generate, analyze, and measure power
How to simulate white noise in Matlab, check spectrum and power, and relate AWGN variance to SNR — with links to AWGN generation and BER tools.
Theoretical BER using Matlab – BERTOOL
When simulating digital modulations in Matlab, it is useful to verify the simulated BER performance curves against theoretical BER curves.Matlab has an inbuilt visualization tool, ‘BERTOOL’, for this purpose. Matlab’s BERTOOL supports 6 types of digital modulations over 3 types of channel for plotting theoretical BER. The six supported modulations are PSK,DPSK,OQPSK,PAM,QAM,FSK and the three … Read more
Tips & Tricks : Indexing in Matlab
Let’s review indexing techniques in Matlab: Indexing one dimensional array, two dimensional array, logical indexing, reversiong a vector – are covered. Consider a sample vector in Matlab. Index with single value Index with range of values Select a range of elements using ‘:’ operator. Example: Select elements with index ranging from 1 to 5. Making … Read more
FFT spectral leakage — causes, scalloping, and how windows help
Why FFT bins leak when tones miss bin centers, what scalloping loss is, and how windowing + ENBW trade leakage against noise bandwidth.