Implementing Markov Chain in Python

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Keywords: Markov Chain, Python, probability, data analysis, data science Markov Chain Markov chain is a probabilistic models that describe a sequence of observations whose occurrence are statistically dependent only on the previous ones. This article is about implementing Markov chain in Python Markov chain is described in one of the earlier posts. For better understanding … Read more

The Most Important Topics to Learn in Machine Learning

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Keywords: machine learning, topics, probability, statistics, linear algebra, data preprocessing, supervised learning, unsupervised learning, deep learning, reinforcement learning, model evaluation, cross-validation, hyperparameter tuning. Why the buzz ? Machine learning has been generating a lot of buzz in recent years due to its ability to automate tasks that were previously thought to be impossible or required … Read more

Spectrogram Analysis using Python

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Keywords: Spectrogram, signal processing, time-frequency analysis, speech recognition, music analysis, frequency domain, time domain, python Introduction A spectrogram is a visual representation of the frequency content of a signal over time. Spectrograms are widely used in signal processing applications to analyze and visualize time-varying signals, such as speech and audio signals. In this article, we … Read more

Volterra series RF power amplifier model — memory, nonlinearity, and 5G bandwidth

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RF nonlinearity path: Volterra PA model → π/2-BPSK PAPR → EVM → SNR In one sentence: A Volterra series extends a Taylor polynomial with memory taps so you can model RF power amplifiers whose present output depends on recent past inputs — the regime of wideband 4G/5G waveforms.  Key focus: Volterra series is an … Read more

Array pattern multiplication of phased array antennas

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Key focus: Array pattern multiplication: total radiation pattern of N identical antennas is product of single-antenna radiation vector and array factor. Antenna arrays Ferdinand Braun invented the Phased Array Antenna in 1905. He shared a Nobel Prize in physics in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy. An antenna array is a … Read more

Far-field retarded potentials

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Key focus: Far-field region is dominated by radiating terms of antenna fields, hence, knowing the far field retarded potentials is of interest. Introduction The fundamental premise of understanding antenna radiation is to understand how a radiation source influences the propagation of travelling electromagnetic waves. Propagation of travelling waves is best described by electric and magnetic … Read more

Near-field – far-field : Where is the boundary ?

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Antennas are radiation sources of finite physical dimension. To a distant observer, the radiation waves from the antenna source appears more like a spherical wave and the antenna appears to be a point source regardless of its true shape. The terms far-field and near-field are associated with such observations/antenna measurement. The terms imply that there … Read more